直升機飛行員手冊直升機操作手冊 The Helicopter Pilot’s Handbook

時間：2011-04-05 11:37來源：藍(lán)天飛行翻譯 作者：航空 點擊：次

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Turns will have a similar effect, but the results will be worse if pedals are used. Steep turns are good ways of losing height if you find yourself overshooting—if you are seated on the right, turn right first, then go left, so you have the best possible view through the windscreen, and you don't get the instrument bulkhead in the way on finals. If you are on the left, go the other way. However, some pilots alternately overshoot and undershoot the area they want to land in, rather than doing S-turns. What you do is bracket the spot with smaller and smaller movements until you hit (get used to what your machine does in straight-in autos).
Each helicopter will have an optimum rate of descent for the longest range, but most light helicopters can stretch their glide at 10-20 mph faster than best lift/drag speed and maintaining the lower main rotor RPM limit. Best endurance speed will give the best lift in autorotation (i.e. minimum sink). Where winds or density altitudes are high, expect to increase speed a little, but decrease it when winds are calm or density altitudes are low, or you need a little time to choose a landing area or be a little more precise (see below). If you deliberately decrease the RPM to increase range (and possibly lessen the rate of descent), don't forget to build it up again for landing.
A typical helicopter has a power curve looking like this:

If you are aiming for a particular spot, you will have a better chance of hitting it if you keep your speed below the best speed mentioned above (60), as anything faster will cause you to float, and force you to anticipate the glide more (that is, the aiming point is different from the landing spot, and the faster you go, the more they will be different. If you only have one clearing, you will have a better chance of getting there and flaring very close to it if you keep your speed tight). If you are on the backside of the curve, remember to get your full speed up by 100 feet, or the flare will be just a change in attitude and fail to do its proper job of slowing you down (see below).
Having entered autorotation:
.
Select landing spot

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Transmit MAYDAY

.
Warn passengers

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Turn off electrics, but NOT battery (for the intercom)

.
Close throttle if required

For a clear area, when about 70 feet from the ground (depending on whether you think you are descending or travelling across the ground too quickly), use rearward cyclic to slow down vertically and horizontally. The amount is proportional to your speed and serves to increase the total lift reaction (which stops the sink) and shifts it to the rear (which stops forward movement). It also increases the rotor RPM.
Continue the flare progressively to a nose-high attitude (in a 407, the instrument panel should hide the horizon), applying collective as flare effect decreases (and the sink starts) to allow the machine to flop forward in a self-levelling process, watching for drift. The “check”, mentioned above, is a more positive application of collective, used with some machines to level better. Otherwise, there should just be small pause in a continuous movement, and you should find the rear skids touching the ground gently well before you run out. Get used to the visual clues required for the correct approach and flare attitude – there's no time to look at the ASI, and the one on the 407 is dampened anyway, so is fairly useless under these circumstances. Get up on a nice day and practice autos to a cloud, getting used to the horizon's position through the screen during descent, flare and turns on your machine.

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