直升機飛行員手冊直升機操作手冊 The Helicopter Pilot’s Handbook

時間：2011-04-05 11:37來源：藍天飛行翻譯 作者：航空 點擊：次

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Fuel is actually a combination of various (very toxic) substances— pound for pound, it’s more explosive than dynamite. Jet A, standard for commercial and general aviation, is narrow-cut kerosene, usually with no additives apart from anti-icing chemicals. Jet A1 has a different freezing point and possibly something for dissipating static, used for long haul flights where the temperature gets very low. Jet B is a wide-cut kerosene containing naphtha, so is lighter and has a very low flash point (it's actually 2/3 diesel and 1/3 naphtha, but in emergency you can swap the naphtha for avgas to get pretty much the same thing). It contains static dissipators and is widely used in Canada. Try not to mix Jet A and Jet B -the mixture can ignite through static in the right proportions, as Air Canada found when they lost a DC-8 on the ramp in the 70s. The static can come simply from the movement of fuel through the lines. Jet A weighs about 5% more per litre than Jet B, but it gives you a longer range, as turbines work on the weight of the fuel they burn, not the quantity. So, if you load the same amount of fuel, your machine will weigh more with Jet A, but if you fill the tanks, you will use fewer litres and less money.
JP4 is like Jet B but with a corrosion inhibitor and anti-icing additives. It was the main military fuel but is being superseded by JP8, at least in the USA. JP5 has a higher flashpoint than JP4, and was designed for US navy ships (similar to Jet A). JP8 is like Jet A1, but has a full set of additives (or e-numbers, if you like).
Aircraft parked overnight should ideally have tanks completely filled to stop condensation, but this is impractical if you expect a full load the next morning and don't have room for full fuel as well, in which case be prepared to do extensive sampling from the tanks. Half filled drums left overnight should not be used for the same reasons, but, in remote places (like the Arctic), fuel is a precious commodity and you think more than twice before discarding any (as it happens, drums are scarce too, and they may get used for all sorts of things, particularly diesel for drills, so beware – always smell the contents first). Full drums are usually delivered to a remote cache by Twin Otter or something, and they should be sealed straight from the refuellers—as you tend to use any remainder in a very short time, this can be minimised somewhat. Look for a fill date, as fuel over two years old should be looked at sceptically. Also look for a large X, which is the accepted symbol for contamination, although not everyone has a black marker with them.

An unofficial, but excellent (if not better) substitute for water paste or detectors with jet fuel is food colouring, which you can at least get in the local grocery store, even if you're in Baffin Island. All you need is one drop – if there is no water present, it will stay as a few lumps. If there is water, the colouring will go directly to the water droplets, and assume their shape, which are more visible anyway, from the colour.

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